Love In Romeo And Juliet Essay Research free essay sample

Love In Romeo And Juliet Essay, Research Paper Love, with its binding, writhing maze of emotions, frequently has diverse effects on those caught in its appreciation. To the lovers in Shakespeare s Romeo A ; Juliet, love is an overpowering, overmastering emotion to which all else must give. Both of the adolescents felt an immediate jerk at the first sight of one another and urgently acknowledged that nil was to be left in the onslaught of that sweeping tide. Not merely was there love between the lovers in the drama ; there was besides love for contending, love between friends, and love for passionm, and play. Tybalt instigates a battle with Romeo and his work forces, which ultimatley terminals with Tybalts and Mercutios decease. Even though both sides now that they will pay a great monetary value if they do non give in. Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford No better term than this: 1000 are a villan. We will write a custom essay sample on Love In Romeo And Juliet Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even when this is said to Romeo, Romeo answer with something that tries to carry Tybalt to contend. He replys that he would wish to be friends with Tybalt, and that is the motive that restrains his choler. And he turns to go forth and commands Tybalt farewell. Tybalt answer that, there is no alibi for the abuses that he has given him, and he draws his blade, to contend Romeo. Romeo does non pull his blade but answer with, I do protest I neer injured thee, But love thee better than 1000 canst devise Till thou shalt know the ground of my love. And so, good Capulet, which name I tender Equally in a heartfelt way as my ain, be satisfied. Romeo says this because he has married Tybalts cousin Juliet, and he does non desire to contend with his freshly appointed family.s Mercutio feels that Romeo is being a coward and attempts to antagonise Tybalt to the point where he will contend. Tybalt and Mercutio begin to contend. Ignoring Romeo s call that the Prince has banned this combat in Veronas streets, and that they will decease if a battle breaks out. Tybalt so stabs Mercutio who so minutes subsequently dies. Romeo now furious with fury that his cousin is dead he gives in to Tybalts original want to contend, and he kills Tybalt. This incident which ended in two work forces lives was all due to there passion of sword battles, even with the knowing of the princes decree. Love for friends was, and is, a necessity for the characters. Romeo had been in love with Rosalin, who didn # 8217 ; t experience love the same manner that he did. Consequently, Romeo was distraught. He thought no adult female could be every bit menu as Rosaline, and that he would neer run into any other adult female that compared to her. Romeo # 8217 ; s friend, Benvolio, thought otherwise. Benvolio encouraged Romeo to travel to the Capulet # 8217 ; s banquet and accurately predicted that Romeo look upon other misss more beautious than Rosaline. This was highlighted when Benvolio said # 8220 ; Compare her face with one that I show, And I will do thee believe thy swan a crow. # 8221 ; ( 1. 2. 86-87 ) . Benvolio s aid leads to Romeo meeting Juliet which consequence the full result of the drama. Juilet has recieved the potion that shall set her to kip where she shall be presumed dead by those who look upon her. When she is presumptively dead, her loved 1s will set her in a grave where her relations lie peacefully. However she will rouse by her Romeo who will come and deliver her from the grave, where she has been thought to be placed dead. Thus she will hold escaped the matrimony to Paris. Juliet is now in her sleeping room before her nuptials twenty-four hours to Paris chew overing conditions she should imbibe what is inside the bottle or non. Her head impetus and she is able to see all the possibilities that may expect her. Come phial. What if this mixture make non work at all? Shall I be married tomorrow forenoon? # 8230 ; . What if it be a toxicant which the Friar Subtly hath ministered to hold me dead, Lest in this matrimony he should be dishonored Because he married me before to Romeo? I fear it is ; yet methinks it should non, For he hath still been tried a holy adult male. How if, when I am laid into the grave, I wake before the clip that Romeo Come to deliver me ? There s a fearful point! Shall I non, so, be stifled in the vault, To whose disgusting oral cavity no healthsome air breathes in, And there decease strangled ere my Romeo comes? Or, if I live, is it non really like, The atrocious amour propre of decease and dark, Together with the panic of the topographic point, # 8211 ; As in a vault, an ancient receptacle, Where, for these many hundred old ages, the castanetss Of all my buried ascendants are packed: Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in Earth, Lies maturating in his shroud ; where, as they say, At some hours in the dark spirits resort ; # 8211 ; Alack, alack, is it non like that I, So early waking, what with nauseating odors, And screams like mandrakes # 8217 ; torn out of the Earth, That life persons, hearing them, run mad: # 8211 ; O, if I wake, shall I non be distraught, Environed with all these horrid frights? And frantically play with my sire # 8217 ; s articulations? And tweak the lacerate Tybalt from his shroud? And, in this fury, with some great kinsman # 8217 ; s bone, As with a nine, elan out my despairing encephalons? O, expression! methinks I see my cousin # 8217 ; s shade Seeking out Romeo, that did ptyalize his organic structure Upon a tuck # 8217 ; s point: stay, Tybalt, stay! Romeo, I come! this do I imbibe to thee. ( 4.3. 20-58 ) Juilet has thought about all the hurting and agony that may come from imbibing what is inside the phial. For case that she might wake up befoer her Romeo comes to deliver her from her grave, and that she will decease of suffication. Besides that she might go huffy and leap from her crypt and get down to play with her dead ascendants castanetss. However her love for Romeo takes over the portion of her that does non desire to take the potion. Therefore she drinks what is indoors for she was succombed with the love that she feels for Romeo, no affair what the consiquences she may confront from imbibing the contents. From these lovers, from their every word and suspiration, one understands that, to them, love of each other is everything. In the terminal, they sacrifice all on the communion table of passion even their lives. Both offer up their names as payment for their love: Or, if thou wilt non, be but curse my love, And I ll no longer be a Capulet ( 2.2.35-36 ) and Art thou non Romeo and a Montague? Neither, just amah, if either thee disfavor ( 2.2.60-61 ) . They volitionally abandon the long old ages of hostility that their households cherished at the first declaration of love ; hatred that lasted life-times, swept off in the inundation of adolescent feelings. Juliet decides to abandon her household and the life style she has ever known wittingly doing her loved 1s anguish they need naught to hold suffered to follow her beloved into ostracism: Farewell! God knows when we shall run into once more ( 3.1.14 ) . Romeo, overcome by destiny, even efforts to withstand fate in his heartache over Juliet s evident death: Is it even so? Then I defy you, stars! ( 5.1.24 ) . Finally, both of those immature, beautiful young persons took their ain lives in testimonial to the other. Their love was so deep, so dramatic, that the idea of life without the other merely did non happen. Suicide was of all time a running idea in their heads an consequence of the lunacy love set in their psyche. Both threatened legion times to stop their lives until irrevocably, urgently, the action was put into drama by both Romeo: Here s to my love! O true pharmacist! Thy drugs are speedy. Therefore with a buss I die ( 5.3.119-120 ) and Juliet: Yea, noise? Then I ll be brief. O happy Dagger! This is thy sheath ; there rust, and Let me decease. ( 5.3.167-170 ) . Love, one time so bright, is lost in the darkness. Love subdues all of those who are faced with it. They are taken over by it s grace and power. It had rough effects for those who were faced with it in the drama Romeo and Juliet. Love, was felt non merely by the lovers in the drama but by the witnesss that interacted with the lovers.

John Locke and Plato Essay Example

John Locke and Plato Essay Example John Locke and Plato Paper John Locke and Plato Paper The two views with regards to innate knowledge that both John Locke and Plato hold, are quite different. Locke shares the view that there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that knowledge is obtained through experiences in ones life. Plato holds a completely different viewpoint and feels that knowledge is not something that is learned, but it is recollected. He feels that the knowledge is inside each human being, and that the individual needs to be pointed in the right direction to perhaps recall that particular knowledge. John Locke was known as an Empiricist, and that meant he did not believe in innate knowledge. Locke feels that we are born as a Tabula Rosa or blank state, and that through our experiences do we gain knowledge. Locke felt that knowledge comes from experiences and more specifically, sensation and reflection. Examples of sensations would basically be the five senses, and reflections would be pure thoughts or feelings. Furthermore, primary ideas were designated as being physical objects and were designated as bulk, size, motion, figure and number. Secondary ideas were characterized as being in ones head and were characterized as distinguishing sweetness, roughness or color. One of the big discrepancies I found would have been Platos views on the advancement of science or technology. By means of Empiricism, we are able to change our ideas over time as we determine that past theories are incorrect and are able to build upon new ideas, whereas Plato felt that innate knowledge was simply discovered and admit to having been wrong. It seems to me that over time we develop newer and better theories on certain subject matters, as opposed to just simply being wrong about things and all of a sudden just seeing the light with regards to the newly discovered innate knowledge. Plato felt that morals and ethics were innate, whereas Locke felt that experiences provide us with data to show us what is morally right and wrong. I must say that I do not agree with Platos beliefs in any way. I do not feel that we are simply born with all this knowledge and simply by being pointed in the proper direction, we are able to ascertain that which we were previously unaware of. John Lockes beliefs that by experiencing things we are able to understand and solve problems to me make much more sense. For example if you took a healthy child and from the day they were born placed them in an enclosed room providing them with proper food for nourishment and growth, and you monitored that child over the years one would find that the child would have no aspects of innate knowledge.

Religion and Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Abortion - Essay Example Terminating the life of an innocent human being is a straight murder that has no legal or moral backing. Abortion as a process in itself is a cruel act both for the child and mother. From religious point of view abortion is a sin. This is just like a murder. Bible does not allow killing of a fetus. Fetus has also feelings, emotions and innocent human psychology after growth for a few weeks in the womb of a mother. In Christianity and particularly in orthodox Christianity, abortion is tantamount to the killing of a child who has yet not seen this world. This sinful act has many immoral bearings on the youths who do this act of sin. It is believed that abortion promotes immorality in the society and it must be avoided. Even where abortion is considered legal a lot of caution must be exercised (Podell 1990). There are numerous testimonies from the holy bible staunchly condemning the abortion as an inhuman act.

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions Essay

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions have influence in the employment relationship. Discuss th - Essay Example Industrial relations have varied throughout the ages and differ in terms of concepts and implementation. Based on statistics presented by the Federation of European Employers, membership in the trade unions in Western parts of Europe declined over the last 20 years. Out of 27 members in the European Union, very few nations have more than half of their labor force in the trade unions. In fact, even the most populated states have only a moderate number of their population having membership. Italy has 30%, Germany has 29% and France has 9% of their respective populations having union membership. The reasons will be discussed in the middle portion of this analytical paper (Federation of European Employers, 2010). Ferner and Hyman (1998) have argued that â€Å"Europe developed certain unique features in their industrial selections during the end of nineteenth and twentieth century, and majority of them have remained in force till the present time. One of the major responsibilities of the employer’s association and the trade unions by sector or trade is collective bargaining and are coordinated by the confederations. Bargaining at the company levels came much later and has been growing, but still remains under the guidance of the federations. A distinction has been presented between collective bargaining, which mostly deals with working hours and wages, and participation of the wage earners which includes the working conditions, welfare, and also adaptation of the broader collective agreement (Ferner & Hyman, 1998). â€Å"Rapid industrialization has been going on in the industrial relations in Europe. Even during the process of integration, industrial relations and national politics will remain important in areas of social regulations of employment and work in Europe. The reason is that the European integration has evolved as the process of liberalization of the economy over the decades and this has happened through the international methods of opening up of the national economies through negotiated expansions of markets which remain beyond the national borders. Industrial relations therefore have always been governed by regulations and rules although to varying extent. This is not just the outcome of contracts but also of the status rules imposing obligations and rights and on the contracting parties, such that they cannot modify them even by mutual agreements (Wolfgang, 1998). Marshall’s views on industrial relevance bear relevance in this context. According to Marshall’s theory the social rights remain awarded according to the citizenship status rather than on the principle of classes or needs. His claim was that the extension of the social rights is not entailed by destroying social classes or inequality. Mundlak says that even though Marshall’s views of the industrial citizenship are on the decline, there are other labour-market institutions which bridge the gap between citizenship and the labour rights. These are workplace democracies, assuming the workers’ consistency in the organisation; and corporate citizenships which are used to entrust

Ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical - Essay Example From basic nursing care to the advance and critical nursing practices, to researches and home care system, every procedure to be carried out must be done with utmost understanding of the procedure itself and its implications for both the patient and the nurse practitioner. Butts and Rich (2012) stated in their book Nursing Ethics: Across the Curriculum and Into Practice that â€Å"Rules and theories matter little without the formation of good character† and believed that nurses are faced with ethical issues every single day. They added that imbibing textbooks ethics serves as a sturdy foundation for nurses to develop practical wisdom and virtuous character in practice. Assessment is the initial step in every nursing procedure therefore it is vital to first determine the nurse’s understanding of what ethical issue really means. A lot of people misunderstood ethics as mere observance of social norms, religious beliefs or the law instead of it being an impartial concept of its own (Paul and Elder, 2006). It may be understood as a moral principle of a specific individual, group, or custom and other author allows its usage to be interchangeable with â€Å"morality† (Deigh, 1995). ... and a process of enactment.† There is no absolute right or wrong in responding to ethical dilemmas but the goal for deciding how to act upon it is based on the basic notion of beneficence and non-maleficence. The knowledge on General Principles of Nursing Ethics is vital in facing these situations. It is important that nurses are aware of these virtues in order to be properly guided in decision making. These are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice, and respect for person. Beneficence is active promotion of good while non-maleficence means duty to do no harm. Respect for autonomy is acknowledging the patient’s rights, values and choices so as respect for person which equates to treating all patients as worthy individual. And lastly, justice is the promotion of equity or fairness in every situation a nurse encounters (Barnett, 2003). Ethical issues faced in the nursing practice can be clinical problems relating to patient right and care, professiona lism, philosophical, organizational and societal (Bosek, 2009). One of the most common face is conflict between patient autonomy and nurse’s belief such as denial of blood transfusion for the Jehova’s Witness or withdrawal from life sustaining treatment even if it can cause fatal consequences, or tending to post-operative abortion patients that are done not for medical purposes. An example of this was the quandary faced by nurses of University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey when they were directed by the hospital in September 2011 that all nurses are required to assist in pre- and post-operative care of abortion patients (Katarsky, 2011). Clearly this presents ethical battle against the nurses’ morality especially if they are pro-life or have opposing cultural and religious beliefs.

Toni Morrison Post Colonial Feminism

Toni Morrison Post Colonial Feminism The author is of the view that third wave feminism which includes black feminism is a speaking back to the white Westerns. The African American writers by writing back to the ideologies set by the colonizers did well in their works of fiction. Toni Morrison, an African American novelist in her novels did a wonderful job of writing back. The present author defined first of all the ideas of culture and imperialism discussing the conceopt of Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha and many other intellectuals who strove hard to produce marvelous works of criticism in which they pointed out the ideologies structured by the West. Gayatri Spiviks Subalterns study is also discussed. and applied to Morrisons selected works of literature. The author pointed a few key point of postcolonial feminism and tried to show them in Toni Morrisons novels in order to prove his agenda that Morrison is a really a leading figure whose works show Feminist Postcolonial Approach. Fore Word -A Writing back by an Afrcian child I want to begin my paper with a poem which was written by an African child, and was nominated for the Best Poem of 2008. The title of the poem is Color which is a speak back attitude to the white: When I born, I black; When I grow up, I black; When I go in sun, I black; When I scared, I black; When I sick, I black; And when I die, I black; And you white fellows; When you born, you pink, When you grow up, you white, When you go in sun, you red, When you cold, you blue; When you scared, you yellow; When you sick, you green; When you die, you grey; And you call me coloured. Chapter One: Introduction The present paper is an analysis of colonialism, imperialism, feminism, and postcolonial feminism. Postcolonial feminism is also called as Third World Feminism or Black Feminism. The author first of all explains the idea of colonialism according to the Professor Edward Said that he discussed in his work Colonialism and Imperialism in which Said defines the colonialism and imperialism. Said gives in detail the ideology of the West how they structured the binaries oppositions and gave the concept of Orientalism by suggesting the idea of educating the others. Homi K. Bhabha gives the concept of hybridity and Gayatari Spivik s famous work of Subaltern can speak are discussed in the following research paper. The author also explained the key points of postcolonial feminism in this paper and then with the reference of different writers discussed Toni Morrisons novels in the light of these salient features of postcolonial feminism. First of all the author analyzed Toni Morrisons novel The Bluest Eyes and showed the elements of postcolonial feminism race, gender , and identity in this novel. The author is of the view that Pecolas wish to have Blue eyes is an escape from racism and to wipe out all ugliness not only from her community but from all the world. The next novel that is analyzed is Sula in which again the author tried to show the salient features of postcolonial feminism that is to speak back or showing the importance of female characters in the form of Sula and other female characters. The author from the original text proved that the white folk in fact brought all the blackness. The third novel which is discussed with reference to the postcolonial feminism is The Beloved, in which the key concept of postcolonial feminism is discussed is mother-daughter relationship and idea of mothering which is discussed with the reference of Morrisons theory of Mothering taken from her interviews is discussed. Finally the author concludes the paper in which he gives his finding about Toni Morrison and her novels that her works are true representative of postcolonial feminism. Chapter Two: Colonialism and Postcolonial Explained PROFESSOR SAID says that his aim is to set works of art of the imperialist and post-colonial eras into their historical context. My method is to focus as much as possible on individual works, to read them first as great products of the creative and interpretive imagination, and then to show them as part of the relationship between  culture  and empire.(Said, 22) If we observe the basic theory behind the postcolonial feminism we will come to the point that this theory itself is supported by the theories of psychoanalysis, Marxist-feminism and post-colonialism. In this paper I am going to trace out the Feminist Postcolonial Approach in Toni Morrisons novels. The author is of the view that Toni Morrison being an African American writer focused her work on the above mentioned approach. Before we progress it is necessary to go through the main idea and the main points which are the backbone of the postcolonial feminist approach and before that we have to discuss in detail the features of colonialism, post-colonialism and feminism. If we try to find out the roots of Postcolonialism we will come to the point that postcolonialism is specially a postmodern intellectual discourse consisting reactions to and analysis of cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. In anthropology it can be defined as the relations between nations and areas being colonized and ruled. It comprises a set of theories that are found amongst history, anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, film, political science, architecture, human geography, sociology, Marxist theory, feminism, religious and theological studies, and literature. To destabilizing Western ways of thinking in order to create space for the subaltern, or marginalized groups, to express and produce substitutes to overriding discourse is the critical nature of postcolonial theory. Often postcolonialism as a term is taken to mean just a time span after colonialism. This thing creates a problem because the once colonized world is full of contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridity, and liminal ties. In order words, it is suggested that the word postcolonialism has plural nature as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial ear. The goal of a theorist is to find out the residual effects of colonialism on cultures and hence the main objectives of such theorists are to account for and combating these effects on the cultures. It does not simply mean to find out the historic aspects of these areas but it also comprises how these areas can move beyond this period together, towards a place of reciprocal respect. The main objective of these theorist is make clearing space for the multiple voices of these areas and these were the voices which were previously silenced by the dominant ideologies-subalterns and among these discourses as is recognized this space should be cleared within the academia. In his book Orientalism, Edward Said explained very clearly that scholars who studied what used to be called the Orient (mostly Asia) totally overlooked the assessments of those they actually studied while preferring instead to rely on the intellectual superiority of themselves and their peers which was the approach forged by the European imperialism. It is recognized by many of the post-colonial thinkers that there are many assumptions which are underlying the logic of colonialism and these are the forces which are active today. This is also argued by many of the thinkers that studying both the knowledge sets of the dominant groups and those who are marginalized as binary opposites maintains their presence as homogenous objects. Homi K. Bhabha thus emphasized his agenda that only hybridity can offer the most profound challenge to colonialism. He thinks that the postcolonial world should valorize spaces of mingling; spaces where fact and legitimacy move aside for ambiguity. (Bhabha, 1994). What is left by Bhabha is offered by Spivaks as the agenda of usefulness of essentialism. Chapter Three: African American Studies and Postcolonialism A Need To Talk Back Colonial racism is no different from any other racism. says   Frantz Fanon and if we compare African American Studies and postcolonial studies we will come to know that though they belong to different fields but they share a lot concerning a goal of destabilizing racial hierarchies and debates concerning the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized is exactly the same as that of between masters and slaves in a bondage. Even within the United States and other area which are known as postcolonies we find the current reality of discrimination and racism towards minorities or populations of minority joins these two studies together through neocolonialism. Precarious of current American educational policy, a prominent black feminist Bell Hooks states, I believe that black experience has been and continues to be one of internal colonialism (148). The necessity to decolonize the attitude of present-day America fuels existing efforts in regaining and convalescing minority history and literature. Hazel Carby in her Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of Afro-American Woman Novelist points New sociological and literary approaches to history become beneficial methods for reclaiming the past and imitating culturally sensitive paradigms for the futureCritics like Henry Louis Gates, Barbara Christian, Ella Shohat and Homi K. Bhabha are associated through a need to talk back. Another key question in postcolonial feminism is who speaks for whom and whose voices are heard in discussions of Third World womens issues. The lack of voice given to Third World women remains a problem as does the failure of Western women to problematise the role of the West in the issues discussed. The question of voice was raised by Gayatri Spivak in her influential essay Can the Subaltern Speak? (1988) in which she analyses the relations between the discourses of the West and the possibility of speaking of (or for) the subaltern woman (Spivak : 271). Race and Multiculturalism in Academia: Writing Back Toni Morrison, Marlene van Niekerk, and Anthony Appiah are considered to be the Pen World voices in the PEN WORLD VOICES FESTIVAL 2010. The issues such as representation, nationalism and essentialism are fleshed out from African American Studies and Postcolonial studies and hence literature and literary theory under the core of these disciplines become sources of for such social commentary. Nation-making and redefinition of nation, along-with the obscuring between public and secluded spaces are among common subjects, critics in both fields are fast to point to the hazards of hurriedly discharging this literary work as political. Gates writes of a need to dissipate the myth of supposed primacy of Western tradition over the so-called non-canonical tradition such as that of the Afro-American. Especially cognizant of the dangers of essentialism in his book The Signifying Monkey, Gates studies the need to create a new narrative space for representing the recurring referent of Afro-American literature, the so-called Black Emperience( Gates ,111). Similarly, critical of essentialism , Homi Bhabha, a projecting Cultural Studies and Postcolonial critic, connects the two fields together as he remarks: The intervention of postcolonial or black critique is aimed at transforming the conditions of enunciation at the level of the signà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦not simply setting up new symbols of identity, new positive images that fuel an unreflective identity politics'(Bhabha, 247) Bhabha and Toni Morrison Bhabha even conducts a detail reading of Toni Morrisons Beloved in the introduction of The Location of Culture. Scholarship does indeed overlay in stimulating ways between these two fields. Much in the same way Toni Morrisons Playing in the Dark examines and counts the ways in which white selfhood in literary America is further established by actualizing black occurrence. Edward Saids Orientalism seek to show that European culture gained in strength and identity by setting itself off against the Orient as a sort of surrogate and even underground self(Said,3) Gender The juncture of race, ethnicity and gender politics has shaped challenging debates in the works of Bell Hooks, Barbara Christian, and Shirley Anne Williams as well as in the work of Gayatri Spivak and Chandra T. Mohanty. Patriarchy often becomes a symbol, a trope of power inequity and the offender for the ills of colonialism and neocolonialism. Bell Hooks states in Outlaw Culture, For contemporary critics to condemn the imperialism of the white colonizer without critiquing partriarchy is a tactic that seeks to minimize the particular ways gender determines the specific forms oppressions may take within a specific group(Hooks, 203) There is also a risk of totalizing along with this intersection. Barbara Christian in Race for Theory that attentions against essentialist constructions of black womanhood, equates the dangers of an excessively rigid black feminism to the colossal, monotheistic Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 70s. Chardra Mohantly needs against the same essentializing exercise in the growing discourse on Third World feminism. Negotiations of class are similarly called for in both fields of study. Remarkably, Hooks remarks upon what she sees as an ignored problem in cross-cultural feminist discussion in Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. She states, We often forget that many Third World nationals bring to this country the same kind of contempt and disrespect for blackness that is most frequently associated with white imperialism. (Hooks, 93) Chapter Four: Postcolonial Feminism and Black feminism Postcolonial Feminism is also called as Third World Feminism which is a form of feminist philosophy and is concerned about the idea that colonialism, racism and long lasting effects of colonialism in the postcolonial settings, are bound up with the unique gendered realities of non-white and non-Western women. Postcolonialism criticizes Western feminists as they have a history of universalizing womens issues, and their discourses are often misunderstood to represent women world-widely. Black Feminism  argues that sexism, class oppression, and racism  are inextricably bound together.  The way these relate to each other is called intersectionality. Forms of feminism that strive to overcome sexism and  class  oppression but ignore race can discriminate against many people, including women, through racial bias. The Combahee River Collective  argued in 1974 that the liberation of black women entails freedom for all people, since it would require the end of racism, sexism, and class oppression.(Wikipedia) Postcolonialism gives the idea that the term woman is used as a universal group and that they are only described by their gender and not by social classes and ethnic identities. It is also believed that the mainstream Western feminists ignored the voices of non-white, non-western women for many years, thus creating resentment feminists in developing nations. Postcolonialism involves the descriptions of many experiences endured during colonialism which include migration, resistance, slavery, difference, gender, race, place, representation, suppression, and responses to the influential discourses of imperial Europe. Postcolonial feminists observe the parallels between recently decolonized nations and the state of women within patriarchy-both take the perspective of a socially marginalized subgroup in their relationship to the dominant culture. Postcolonial feminist have had strong ties with black feminists because colonialism usually contains themes of racism. Both groups have struggled for recognition, not only by me in their own culture, but also by Western.(Wikipedia). Thus it can be said that Postcolonialism discusses the issues of the women of those areas which were once the colonies of the West and it lumps up together all the women of the world. Feminism raises this agenda that all the women of the world have their own special identity and they should be regarded as independent personality apart from their sex and sexuality but postcolonial feminist also see that the fate of non-white and non-western women is different from the women of the west as theses non-white and non-western women are not enjoying the rights as the women of mainstream are enjoying . Postcolonial feminist approach gives rights of raising their voices which were once silenced by the colonizers. It can be inferred that as women were doubly colonized in the era of colonization by their own male members of the society, and these non-white and non-western women were thrice colonized as they were considered less than the white women.(Web) Chapter Five: Postcolonial Feminist Approach in Toni Morrisons Novels Larry Schwartz in his essay compares Toni Morrisons art of writing with William Faulkners art of writing although in her interview Toni Morrison claimed that she is not like Faulkner but the deep study of her novels prove this fact. Toni Morrison being an African American writer is considered to be one of the renowned postcolonial feminist writers who touched the very idea of raising voice of repressed group of the black women. Her novels Beloved  is considered by many to be her most impressive work of literature to date (winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1988), she has also written many award-winning novels including  The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Jazz, Tar Baby,  and  Paradise. Like  Beloved, most of Morrisons work deals with the struggles of African Americans, especially women (web). The Bluest Eye (1970) Toni Morrison in her novel The Bluest Eye highlights the idea of racism. In the colonial period the legacies of colonialism were consistently bound with racism. In this novel Morrison very clearly depicts the effects of the legacy of 19th century classical racism for poor black people in the United States. In the novel the daughter of a poor black family, Pecola Breddlove, internalizes white standards of beauty to the extent that she become crazy about it and bore a wish to have blue eyes. The idea is very clear that binary oppositions structured by the Western White class concerning the beauty and ugliness are still at work. Even today we people think to be white is the standard of beauty. In the binary oppositions like man/woman, white/back, Occidental/Oriental, Rich/poor and such like those all the elements on the left of the bar are considered to be the supreme while the elements on the right are marginalized or rendered as Others. Pecola is seen so influenced by these binaries that she tries to escape from this so called or structured ugliness of her own society or race of colour. Her ardent wish for blue eyes comes to stand for her wish to escape the racist, unloving, poor environment in which she lives. For a long time mainstream white Western feminism paid negligible attention to the problem of race. Racism was considered secondary to patriarchy and had been one of the biggest problems of the non-white women. Many white women were of the claim that they did not see dissimilarity or to act upon it. It took a long, hard scuffle by black women to have racism included on the feminist agenda. One of the most moving and influential critiques of white satisfaction came in 1980 from the radical black lesbian feminist Audre Lorde: By and large within the womens movement today, white women focus upon their oppression as women and ignore difference of race, sexual preference, class and age. There is a pretense to a homogeneity of experience covered by the word sisterhood that does not in fact exist(Lorde, 116) Morrison in the novel tries to explain why Pacola wanted to have blue eyes, let us see the following lines which are taken from Chapter  3  of the Autumn section: It had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes that held the pictures, and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different Here the narrator tells about Pecola not only wanted to have blue eyes to look beautiful but in fact it was her thinking that with blue eyes everything will also change. These blue eye speak about her wish to have liberty not from ugliness of blackness but the ugliness of the dark thoughts and her desires to bring in a change in her black society. Toni Morrison is of the view that beauty and ugliness are the matters of seeing and to be seen and both are linked with eyes. It is a famous saying : When you look with loving eyes all the world looks lovely. The same idea is discussed in The Bluest Eyes where Pecola wants to look everything beautiful and to be looked beautifully. Her own community that was colonized are not colonizing Pecola due to her blackness though her internal portion was not black as she totally internalized whiteness. The idea is also seen in the Heart of Darkness where the symbols of black and white colours depict Conrads point of inward blackness and whiteness. Morrison uses the same technique by showing Pecolas internalizing whiteness. Here it is also clear that solid propensity of white women to disrespect racism was an effect of white privilege- a point women of colour were forced to make repeatedly: As Third World women we clearly have a different relationship to racism than white women, but all of us are born into an environment where racism exists. Racism affects all of our lives, but it is only white women who can afford to remain oblivious to these effects. The rest of us have had it breathing or bleeding down our necks. (Moraga and Anzaldà ºa 1981: 62) There is another key factor of postcolonial feminism in the novel as Pecola is raped by her own father who did all this in the result of that humiliation that he suffered when he was having sex first time and was humiliated by two white men. Thus patriarchy is seen in this violence which is done to Pecola as she is colonized by her own father. Pecolas rape is the depiction of destruction of cultural identity of the Black community. Similarly, the seeds of marigold which did not bloom is also a depiction of colonization as their own soil did not permit those seeds to bloom as was commented by Claudia, Frieda and hence Pecola which is also a proof of ineligibility of their own black community. Pecola is a hope of decolonization as she wanted to be heard, to be seen beautiful and her illegitimate progeny is a symbol of her wish which was not allowed to be born. Toni Morrison here wants to depict that Black society was week at that as they did not allow Pecola to flourish and this thing compares the novel with Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart where Okonko was not supported by his own clan. All what is done with Pecola is true picture of Black feminism. Sula (1974) In the present novel the female characters are the embodiments of the matriarchal authoritative of women. The novel depicts the social problems that were and are present in the society. Morrison tries to depict that these female characters attenuate the male characters. Eva, Helene, Hannah and Sula all represent such figures which are the driving forces which precede the plot of the novel. Morrison wants to show that all the members of the society are the important ingredients who add flavor to the society. All the female characters are made central in the novel hence this novel proves to be a pure example of novels of postcolonial feminist novel. According to the post colonial theory the female part must speak back to the so called norms which are carved out by the males. The novel gives an exact example of subaltern can speak as the main character Sula is the symbol of such a person who being a female has power to chose her own way of living as she went away and comes back and proves herself such a person which is needed by the society. The novel shows that all the female characters of the novel are so important part of the Black community and their existence is necessary for bonding the society together. Sula also maintains the interdependence and closeness of the society with its members. Sula will open your eyes to social problems which exist in the present day. The women in the book such as Eva, Helene, Sula and Hannah represent the matriarchal authoritative women, weakening the male characters. Women drive the action in the story and give their importance in the family. They present their importance in the Black community and their existence in bonding it together. Morrison also shows in the novel the dying of blackness when Sula says: You think I dont know what your life is like just because I aint living it? I know what every colored woman in this country is doing. Whats that? Dying., Just like me. But the difference is they dying like a stump. Me, Im going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world.'(143) These words spoken by Sula on her deathbed which she expressed to Nes her thoughts concerning her thoughts about the life styles that was accepted and the positions of women in Medallion. The line speaks dying old system.   Sula also establishes the closeness and interdependence of the community with its members. The novels shows that each and every member is just like a spice that gives special flavor and odour to the community and which is essential for the society. In Sula all the characters including Shadrack and the Deweys give every individual importance in the community. Thus Sula proves to be full of such evidences which proves that there are elements of third world feminism in the novel as Suals actions are the alternates of her voices which were silenced before. Chris Weedon in her article Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective writes that: in 1984 Black American feminist Barbara Smith spoke of being part of a Third World feminist movement: And not only am I talking about my sisters here in the United States-American Indian, Latina, Asian American, Arab American-I am also talking about women all over the globethird World Feminism has enriched not just the women it apples to, but also political practice in general'(Smith:27). Thus the Third World Feminism is giving all the women especially the Black ones power and confidence to speak and now they are not silenced as were before.(Weedon). The Beloved (1987) The depiction of Morrisons theory of African American mothering articulate in her novels, essays and interviews Mothering is considered to be one of several key points of ideas of postcolonial feminism which is highlight in the present novel The Beloved. The novels is set after the  American Civil War  (1861-1865), it is inspired by the story of an African-American  slave,  Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery during 1856 in Kentucky by fleeing to Ohio, a  free state. A posse arrived to retrieve her and her children under the  Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which gave slave owners the right to pursue slaves across state borders. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured. (Wikipedia). In the novel Sethe in an attempt to save her children from slavery slaughters her eldest daughter and it is assumed in the novel that her daughter return as a ghost named Beloved because the same word was inscribed on the head stone of her grave. The novel depict the mother daughter relationship which is the one of the central key points of postcolonial feminism. The maternal bonds between Sethe and her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own best self, and the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her fantasy of the future, her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denvers need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only becomes individuated after Beloveds exorcism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely for her, her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of herself that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life.( Deme trakopoulos, pp. 51-59) Motherhood , in Morrisons view, is fundamentally and profoundly an act of resistance, essential and integral to black womens fight against racism and sexism and their ability to achieve well-being for themselves and their culture. The power of motherhood and the empowerment of mothering are what make possible the better world we seek for ourselves and for our children. This, argues OReilly, is Morrisons maternal theory-a politics of the heart.(OReilly) In spite of the mothering, the novel also depicts the theme of slavery and its havoc which is seen as destruction of identity. It also shows the importance of language and community solidarity. Toni Morrison also depicts the blackness hidden under the white skins of the White people which is evident from the following line taken from Chapter 19, at the beginning of Part II,   White people believed that whatever the manners, under every dark skin was a jungle. Swift unnavigable waters, swinging screaming baboons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their sweet white blood. In a way . . . they were right. . . . But it wasnt the jungle blacks brought with them to this place. . . . It was the jungle whitefolks planted in them. And it grew. It spread . . . until it invaded the whites who had made it. . . . Made them bloody, silly, worse than even they wanted to be, so scared were they of the jungle they had made. The screaming baboon lived under their own white skin; the red gums were their own. Stamp Paid here consider the ways in which slavery in fact corrupts the identity and he it was the jungle whitefolk planted in them. And it grew and spread. The idea is very clear as is evident in Heart of Darkness where Joseph Conrad tried to say the same thing that the white were black from within and the same idea we find in Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare where Portias picture was in Lead, a black material, and in Othelo , Iago was white from without and was black from within. Here Morrison tells the same thing that only white fellows were in fact black from within. It is an apt writing back to the White colonizers which is a salient feature of postcolonial feminist writing. Conclusion: It is evident from the above going discussion that Toni Morrisons works are based on the postcolonial feminism in which she very skillfully highlighted the idea of gender, race, sex and identity and similarly she also highlights the concepts of talking back and making a space among white feminism. As the mainstream white feminism at first could not give proper position to non-white and non-Western women , black feminism became able to raise their voice and were able to even write back and hence succeeded in making their own identity. Toni Morrison hence secures a very apt position among the postcolonial feminist who helped these thrice colonized black women to stand up for making their own identity. The above mentioned three novels also show the death of the protagonist. The death in also a theme of Toni Morrisons novels which is also meaningful as the slavery is the destruction of identity which is depicted by death of the characters. The above discussed novels cover show many key points of postcolonial feminism.

Defining Race and Ethnicity Essay

The use of the terms â€Å"race† and â€Å"ethnicity† is varied. The two terms are misused as if they are identical. The casual and common appearance of the terms side by side in the public discourse may discourage people from regarding them as distinct terms. Race is based on the premise of biological and physical differences. the concept of ‘race’ included any essential zing of groups of people which held them to display inherent, heritable, persistent or predictive characteristics, and which thus had a biological or quasi-biological basis. Ethnicity is an embodiment of values, institutions, and patterns of behavior, a composite whole representing a people’s historical experience, aspirations, and worldview. Ethnic classification, either externally imposed or intrinsically engendered, often defines people’s membership to a group. Aside from social constructs, ethnicity is innately more central to human experience and identity than race. I do not believe that these concepts should be important to society. Racial and ethnic categories are neither fixed across societies nor within a society. Racial and ethnic categories are fluid and changing depending on the socio-political context of a society at any given time. Ethnic and racial differences do not inherently lead to conflict. Instead, these differences can take on a social meaning of hierarchy leading to conflict when divided groups fail to negotiate. In such cases, the imbalance of power, not the racial or ethnic differences per se, is the underlying cause of the conflict. In each of these cases, it is critical that the topic of race and ethnicity receives continual examination. The ideology and myth of racial and ethnic differences cannot be validated to support or legitimate superiority, privilege, or conflict as has often been the case in both historical and global contexts.

Prisoner’s Dilemma Essay

The idea of prisoner’s dilemma promoted by Axelrod has created different levels of interpretation of relationships revolving around the international arena. The idea which originated from the rational choice discipline has paved the way for alternative explanations in the practice of governance in the anarchic arena.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to security issues prevalent in the international arena the concept of prisoners/security dilemma comes into the picture. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.3) â€Å"security dilemma arises also when we don’t assume that nations and their leaders are inherently evil, war-mongering people.† In addition, the lack of trust and pursuit of relative gains among members of the international community paved the way for such actions among states. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.7) â€Å"if trust is lacking there is likely to have strong relative gain concerns.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, there is a need of continuous information sharing, consensus, and trust among members of the international community. With the application of this will the issue of security dilemma be alleviated. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.8) â€Å"security dilemma can arise between states in the anarchic international system due to lack of trust, misperception, and miscommunication, and the inherent ambiguity of every state’s attempt to acquire military power to survive.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One example in catering and addressing the challenges posed by security and prisoners’ dilemma is the creation of institutions that will foster the mechanisms and processes to alleviate the idea. It must be able to create communication measures, pave the way for trust to occur between states and clarification and monitoring that will enhance the distinction of offensive and defensive purposes. With these initiatives, the negative setback created by security and prisoners dilemma can be alleviated and prevented. In this light, cooperation may be possible. Work Cited Mc-Graw Hill Companies. ‘Prisoners Dilemma’ 2005 accessed December 10, 2007 [on-line] PowerPoint Presentation.

The Function of Deceit Essays

The Function of Deceit Essays The Function of Deceit Paper The Function of Deceit Paper Essay Topic: Much Ado about Nothing The Function of Deceit Deceit functions in many ways throughout the play Much Ado About Nothing characters use deceit to conceal, to assist and to trick. Benedict, Beatrice, Clay audio, Hero and Don John are all affected by the functions of deceit throughout the play, the h roes use it to bring people together and the villain uses it to rip relationships apart. One of deceits functions is to conceal. Deceit conceals Benefices and Beatrice ex.s love for each other. Throughout the play both Benedict and Beatrice exchange plan yup banter. For example in Act 1, Scene 1, one of Beatrice?s first lines is a witty assault at Been dicks expense. It is so indeed. He is no less than a stuffed man. But for the stuffing well, we are all mortal, (l. i. 3). Elongates character even explains their banter as a merry war, as to say that Benedict and Beatrice dont necessarily mean what they say. The audience e is therefore able to watch in amusement as Benedict and Beatrice participate in merry WA Shakespeare plays with the idea of Benedict and Beatrice almost hating each other until deceit is once again used, but this time to assist in the love of two witty upon ants. Another function of deceit in Much Ado About Nothing, is its function of assistance. Deceit assists in the love that blossoms between Benedict and Beatrice. Near the middle of the play, Act 2 Scene 3, deceit is used by a cadre of cupids, Leona, Don Peed o and Claudio, to deceive Benedict into thinking Beatrice loves him. Hero and Ursula also do n their cupids arrows and deceive Beatrice into thinking Benedict loves her. These separate scenarios create much humor, as it shows that both Benedict and Beatrice are not as s mart as they seem. Claudio doing his part tricking Benedict, Come hither, Leona. What was it you told me of today, that your niece Beatrice was in love with Signor Benedict? (al. Iii. 5). Here Ursula is playing up how Benedict is the most fair man in Italy, l pray you, be not an gray with me, madam. Speaking my fancy. Signor Benedict, for shape, for bearing, argument t and valor, goes foremost in report through Italy. (Ill . i. 4). Luckily the deceitful love that bal simooms between Benedict and Beatrice serves only as a way to reveal the true love the eye have had for each other all along and they get happily married at the end of the play. The final function of deceit is its ability to trick. Deceit is used many times thro shout the play, to conceal and to assist, but deceits most prominent role is to trick. Deceits function of trickery is used by the plays villain, Don John, to trick Claudio into thinking Hero has cheated on him. Throughout the played are treated to hints that Don John is the villain of the play, at one point Don John even says, l am a plain dealing villain, (l. Iii. 25). Be cause of this line, skillfully spoken by master actor Keenan Reeves, we know that the character re Don John ill be messing a lot of stuff up later on in the play. And Don John does mess up stuff, in Act 3 Scene 2, Don John speaks with Claudio, saying, l came hither to tell you; and, circumstances shortened, for she has been too long talking of, the lady is disloyal. (al. Ii. 5). D on John then shows both Claudio and Don Pedro that Hero is being unfaithful with Bronchi o, when in fact Broacher is only wooing Margaret, one of Heros maids. This act of trickery me sees up everything, Claudio and Don Pedro confront Hero at the wedding in front oft he entire congregation. After the wedding Don John flees Messing and everyone finds o UT that Hero was falsely accused, thanks to Dogberry, who captured Broacher and his part near in crime Conrad. The function of deceit is a quintessential part of Much Ado About Nothing . Deceit is used to conceal, to assist and to trick many of the main characters throughout t the entirety of the play. The epitome of deceit in William Shakespearean capering comedy, air manically, is the moment when Benedict and Beatrice deceptive protests against their love f or each other are foiled by their own hands.

Cinderella A Comparative Critique Essay Example

Cinderella A Comparative Critique Essay Example Cinderella A Comparative Critique Paper Cinderella A Comparative Critique Paper As children we have all heard the story of Cinderella many times before. In this story we are enchanted by a magical idea that fairy tales exist, true love is real, and that there is such a thing as a happy ending. Two authors, Catherine Orenstein and Peg Streep, both write articles based off of the story of Cinderella and what they believe are the true hidden meanings behind the story. The article â€Å"Why the story of Cinderella Still Enchants† by Peg Streep is more focused on the happily ever after ending than Catherine Orenstein’s article â€Å"Fairy Tales and a Dose of Reality†. Orenstein thinks people have made Cinderella into a reality fairy tale that is not so much based on true love but more on the false appearance that there is one. Many people when they were children heard of â€Å"Cinderella† as long with many other children stories. It sparked their imaginations and their beliefs in fairy tales. Some children did grow out of the true love fairy tale and some grew up to still believe in it. Orenstein’s article exceeds all the childish magic, unlike Streep’s article. Orenstein says the story has blinded many in the hopes of looking for a fairy tale love, and they focus too much on the reality of true love and happily ever after’s. However, Streep’s article states that â€Å"Cinderella† is a story that children fall back on whenever they feel left out. It is a story that is relatable to the child’s emotions. The children will see that Cinderella is unwanted and underappreciated but that she then gets what she wishes for all thanks to magic. Both authors give more of their opinions than actual facts on how people were truly affected by the â€Å"Cinderella† story. Orenstein concentrates on reality television bringing up our childhood fairy tales and how they use illusions on try to portray our fairy tale fantasies in real life. She uses shows such as â€Å"The Bachelorette,† â€Å"Married by America,† and â€Å"Th

S4 W7 one pager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

S4 W7 one pager - Assignment Example This scenario seems not to change as the organization sticks to mediation rather than the use of force. A good example is the situation in Syria where the organization has all the reasons to use force to restore peace in Syria. However, the organization opted to provide mediation chances between the government and the rebellion. This decision was questionable as many Arab nations felt that the organization would have used force to restore the peace in Syria. Clement & Smith (2009) argues that even if the organization wanted to use force in Syria, they would have lacked an experienced group to deal with the situation. The only option was to outsource peacekeeping troop from the United Nations. This move would be a breach of the organization’s rules and regulations. The capabilities of the League of Arab States are not beyond finding other means of resolving conflicts other than mediation. Their peacekeeping ambition may be only implemented if the member states change the constitution and amend the clause on using force in its member

Develop the fundamentals of strategic plans for the Ford Motor Company Essay

Develop the fundamentals of strategic plans for the Ford Motor Company and the Toyota Motor Corporation - Essay Example Two major competitors in the automobile industry are Toyota Motor Corporation and Ford Motor Company. This paper seeks to develop the fundamentals of strategic plans for the two competing companies including their SWOT analyses. Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese based automobile company that sells its brands locally and in the international market. Having been established in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, the company was the largest producer of motor vehicles in 2012. Based on its expansive market, and the high demand of its brands in the international market, the company whose headquarters are based in Toyota, Japan has employed large number of employees in all its departments. One of the major aspects that have made the company to attain a competitive edge in the market is the extensive marketing strategies that the company has adopted in all its market segments. For example, in the US market, the company has embarked on extensive promotion of its brands esp ecially in the North American region. Apart from sponsoring of sporting events, the company has maximized on the concept of ownership experience (Thomas, 1969). This has made it to come up with marketing slogans such as: You asked for it You got it. Oh what a feeling, Get the feeling and Lets go places among others. In the Japanese market, the company has established a dealerships which includes Toyota Store and Toyota diesel store that helps the company in its distribution strategies. Being a market leader in the automobile industry, Toyota has effectively enjoyed strong customer loyalty based on its luxurious as well as executives brands. Some of the notable brands the company manufacturers include Toyota Yaris, corolla, camry, Estima Sienna, Prado, FGortuner, RAV4, Venza, FJ Cruiser and full size Avalon among others. Based on the wide product portfolio, the company has effectively met the needs of its customers. Another aspect that has made the company achieve a competitive posit ion in the market is the use of Toyota Way strategy (Liker, 2004). This entails all the business methods and the managerial values as well as philosophies such as Just In Time (JIT) that greatly assist the company in its global operations. The five major principles that guides Toyota Corporation in its activities includes challenge, improvement, go and see, team work and respects within and outside the company premises. Ford Motor Corporation Ford Motor Corporation is an American based corporation whose headquarter is located in Michigan, US. Having been established by Henry Ford in 1903, Ford has a long history in the production of automobiles. Based on its production outputs, Ford is the fifth largest producers of automobiles. One of the key aspects that make Ford distribution system significant are the production facilities and plants located in 90 regions (Wilkins and Frank, 1964). Additionally, the large number of employees is key in ensuring that the company brands are effecti vely marketed and distributed in the various markets. The company organizational structure involves the executive management that includes board members who includes Stephen Butler, William Clay, Ellen Marram, Irvine